The NAS was established in 1863 as a private, nongovernmental institution. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 and the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) in 1970, both under under the NAS charter. The NAS established the National Research Council in 1916 to broaden the range of disciplines necessary for its advisory role. The Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.