Xavier Cortada, “Wind Words,” ritualistic installation/performance at the Graham Outlook along the Kancamagus Highway in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, 2012

Artist: Xavier Cortada
Title: “Wind Words”
What: A ritualistic installation to honor the scientists who work at Hubbard Brook
When: Thursday, July 26th, 2012 at 11 am
Where: At the C.L. Graham outlook along the Kancamagus Highway, White Mountain National Forest
Who: Cortada, Hubbard Brook Principal Investigator Lindsay Rustad, Ph.D. and other Hubbard Brook scientists/students to read research project abstracts to the four winds (four corners of the Earth). Cortada hopes this work inspires Hubbard Brook scientists who to have their newly published research articles read to the wind at the “Wind Words” installation. Rustad and Cortada will also engage in a conversation about art and science during the event.

About

“Wind Words:” On July 26th, 2012, Arts Alliance of Northern New Hampshire/White Mountain National Forest artist-in-residence Xavier Cortada and Lindsey E. Rustad, Ph.D., Team Leader and Forest Ecologist at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, met at an overlook on the Kancamagus Highway and read scientific articles to the four winds (the four corners of the Earth).

Through this performative art work, Cortada sought to honor the Hubbard Brook researchers who study this forest’s soils, water, vegetation and wildlife and develop knowledge that has a global impact. The artist also wanted artists to bring science to the broader community: By having scientists come out of their labs and speak their words to the wind they were conceptually sharing their work beyond the pages of refereed research journals and across the Earth where their research also matters.

Cortada also wanted to shed light on the issue that a growing sector of our society question and deny science. The artist used this piece to air out those concerns.

“Wind Words” was presented by the Arts Alliance of Northern New Hampshire/ White Mountain National Forest Artist-in-Residence Program with the participation of Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and their scientists. For more information contact Frumie Selchen, Executive Director,Arts Alliance of Northern New Hampshire (Frumie@aannh.org) or visit http://whitemountaintrailmix.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/wind-words

Important Research:
08-27. Phillips, R. and T. J. Fahey. 2008. The influence of soil fertility on rhizosphere effects in northern hardwood forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 72:453-461

08-10. Cleavitt, N. L., T. J. Fahey, P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, K. S. Henry and C. T. Driscoll. 2008. Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 38:82-91.

07-14. Judd, K. E., G. E. Likens and P. M. Groffman. 2007. High nitrate retention during winter in soils of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Ecosystems 10:217-225

05-11. Fahey, T. J. , G. L. Tierney, R. D. Fitzhugh, G. F. Wilson and T. G. Siccama. 2005. Soil respiration and soil carbon balance in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(2):244-253

03-42. Yanai, R. D., W. S. Currie and C. L. Goodale. 2003. Soil carbon dynamics following forest harvest: An ecosystem paradigm reviewed. Ecosystems 6(3):197-212

02-16. Lawrence, G. B. 2002. Persistent episodic acidification of streams linked to acid rain effects on soil. Atmos. Environ. 36:1589-1598

91-20. Johnson, C. E., A. H. Johnson, T. G. Huntington and T. G. Siccama. 1991. Whole-tree clear-cutting effects on soil horizons and organic-matter pools. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:497-502

91-21. Johnson, C. E., A. H. Johnson and T. G. Siccama. 1991. Whole-tree clear-cutting effects on exchangeable cations and soil acidity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:502-508

11-01. Campbell, J. L., C. T. Driscoll, A. Pourmokhtarian and K. Hayhoe. 2011. Streamflow responses to past and projected future changes in climate at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Water Resource Research: 47, W02514, doi:10.1029/2010WR009438

06-19. Lowe, W. H., G. E. Likens and M. E. Power. 2006. Linking scales in stream ecology. BioScience 56(7):591-597

05-23. Lowe, W. H. and G. E. Likens. 2005. Moving headwater streams to the head of the class. BioScience 55(3):100-101

05-02. Bernhardt, E. S., G. E. Likens, D. C. Buso, R. O. Hall, Jr., S. G. Fisher, T. M. Burton, J. L. Meyer, W. H. McDowell, M. S. Mayer, W. B. Bowden, S. E.G. Findlay, K. H. Macneale, R. Stelzer and W. Lowe. 2005. CanÆt see the forest for the stream? In-stream processing and terrestrial nitrogen exports. BioScience 55(3):219-230

03-42. Yanai, R. D., W. S. Currie and C. L. Goodale. 2003. Soil carbon dynamics following forest harvest: An ecosystem paradigm reviewed. Ecosystems 6(3):197-212

03-17. Goodale, C. L., J. D. Aber and P. M. Vitousek. 2003. An unexpected nitrate decline in New Hampshire streams. Ecosystems 6(1):75-86

00-20. Martin, C. W., C. T. Driscoll and T. J. Fahey. 2000. Changes in streamwater chemistry after 20 years from forested watersheds in New Hampshire, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 30(8):1206-1213

88-6. Driscoll, C. T., N. M. Johnson, G. E. Likens and M. C. Feller. 1988. Effects of acidic deposition on the chemistry of headwater streams: A comparison between Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, and Jamieson Creek, British Columbia. Water Resour. Res. 24(2):195-200
09-15. Weeks, B. C., S. P. Hamburg and M. A. Vadeboncoeur. 2009. Ice storm effects on the canopy structure of a northern hardwood forest after 8 years. Can. J. For. Res. 39: 1475-1483

07-22. Reynolds, L. V., M. P. Ayres, T. G. Siccama and R. T. Holmes. 2007. Climatic effects on caterpillar fluctuations in northern hardwood forests. Can. J. For. Res. 37:481-491

06-23. Richardson, A. D., A. S. Bailey, E. G. Denny, C. W. Martin and J. OÆKeefe. 2006. Phenology of a northern hardwood forest canopy. Global Change Biology 12(7):1174-1188

03-19. Hamburg, S. P., R. D. Yanai, M. A. Arthur, J. D. Blum and T. G. Siccama. 2003. Biotic control of calcium cycling in northern hardwood forests: Acid rain and aging forests. Ecosystems 6(4):399-406

02-48. Rhoads, A.G., Hamburg, S., Fahey, T.J., Siccama, T.G., Hane, E.N., Battles, J., Cogbill, C., Randall, J., and Wilson, G.. 2002. Effects of an intense ice storm on the structure of a northern hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1763-1775

99-30. Martin, C. W. and A. S. Bailey. 1999. Twenty years of chan
98-9. Fahey, T. J., J. J. Battles and G. F. Wilson. 1998. Responses of early successional northern hardwood forests to changes in nutrient availability. Ecol. Monogr. 68(2):183-212ge in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 123:253-260
06-23. Richardson, A. D., A. S. Bailey, E. G. Denny, C. W. Martin and J. OÆKeefe. 2006. Phenology of a northern hardwood forest canopy. Global Change Biology 12(7):1174-1188

07-24. Siccama, T. G., T. J. Fahey, C. E. Johnson, T. Sherry, E. G. Denny, E. B. Girdler, G. E. Likens and P. Schwarz. 2007. Population and biomass dynamics of trees in a northern hardwood forest at Hubbard Brook. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:737-749

84-61. Tritton, L. M. and T. G. Siccama. 1984. Contribution of dead trees to community structure in the Northeast. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 65(2):249

84-50. Arthur, M. A. and T. G. Siccama. 1984. Long-term studies of nutrient concentration in herbaceous species in the northern hardwood forest. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 65(2): 273

83-11. Johnson, A. H. and T. G. Siccama. 1983. Acid deposition and forest decline. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(7): 294A-305A

74-16. Whittaker, R. H., F. H. Bormann, G. E. Likens and T. G. Siccama. 1974. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: forest biomass and production. Ecol. Monogr. 44(2):233-254

70-2. Bormann, F. H., T. G. Siccama, G. E. Likens and R. H. Whittaker. 1970. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: composition and dynamics of the tree stratum. Ecol. Monogr. 40(4):373-388

08-54. Webster, M. S., G. Colbeck, T. S. Sillett, N. L. Rodenhouse and R. T. Holmes. 2008. A decade of hanky-panky: a long-term study of extra-pair paternity in a socially monogamous migratory bird. Abstract for 126th Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, Portland, Oregon. August 2008
71-18. Sturges, F. W., R. T. Holmes and G. E. Likens. 1971. The role of birds in mineral cycling in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystems. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 52(4):34

72-9. Holmes, R. T. and F. W. Sturges. 1972. Ecological studies of birds at Hubbard Brook. New Hampshire Audubon Quarterly 25(3):89-92

72-26. Holmes, R. T. 1972. A preliminary estimate of the annual energy expenditure by birds in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. Abstracts of Papers, Annual Meeting of Cooper Ornithology Society, New Mexico State University

74-15. Sturges, F. W., R. T. Holmes and G. E. Likens. 1974. The role of birds in nutrient cycling in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. Ecology 55(1):149-155

75-10. Holmes, R. T. and F. W. Sturges. 1975. Bird community dynamics and energetics in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. J. Anim. Ecol. 44:175-200

76-9. Holmes, R. T. 1976. Body composition, lipid reserves and caloric densities of summer birds in a northern deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Natur. 96(2):281-290

78-39. Holmes, R. T. 1978. Resource exploitation patterns and the structure of a forest bird community. Abstract for the XVII Internat. Ornith. Congress. West Berlin, Germany. p. 67

78-40. Holmes, R. T., R. E. Bonney, Jr. and S. W. Pacala. 1978. The guild structure of the Hubbard Brook bird community: a multivariate approach. Abstract for the 96th Annual Meeting, American Ornith. Union

79-11. Holmes, R. T., R. E. Bonney, Jr. and S. W. Pacala. 1979. Guild structure of the Hubbard Brook bird community: a multivariate approach. Ecology 60(3):512-520

79-12. Holmes, R. T., J. C. Schultz and P. J. Nothnagle. 1979. Bird predation on forest insects: an exclosure experiment. Science 206(4417):462-463

79-24. Sabo, S. R. and R. H. Whittaker. 1979. Bird niches in a subalpine forest: an indirect ordination. Proc. National Academy of Sciences 76(3):1338-1342

79-36. Holmes, R. T., J. C. Schultz and P. J. Nothnagle. 1979. Bird predation on forest insects: an exclosure experiment. Abstract for the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Ornith. Union. College Station, Texas

80-1. Bennett, S. E. 1980. Interspecific competition and the niche of the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) in wintering and breeding communities. pp. 319-336. In: E.S. Morton and A. Keast (eds.). Migrant Birds in the Neotropics: Ecology, Behavior, Distribution and Conservation. Symp. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C

80-13. Holmes, R. T. 1980. Resource exploitation patterns and the structure of a forest bird community. pp. 1056-1062. In: Proc. XVII Internat. Ornithol. Congress, June 1978. West Berlin, Germany

80-29. Sabo, S. R. 1980. Niche and habitat relations in subalpine bird communities of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Ecol. Monogr. 50(2):241-259

81-9. Holmes, R. T. 1981. Theoretical aspects of habitat use by birds. pp. 33-37. In: D. E. Capen (ed.). The Use of Multivariate Statistics in Studies of Wildlife Habitat. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-87

81-10. Holmes, R. T. and S. K. Robinson. 1981. Tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a northern hardwoods forest. Oecologia (Berl.) 48:31-35

82-23. Robinson, S. K. and R. T. Holmes. 1982. Foraging behavior of forest birds: the relationships among search tactics, diet, and habitat structure. Ecology 63(6):1918-1931

82-45. Schultz, J. C. and R. T. Holmes. 1982. The impact of bird predation on the patterns of leaf consumption by forest insects. Abstract XVII Internat. Ornith. Congress (Moscow)

83-17. Sabo, S. R. and R. T. Holmes. 1983. Foraging niches and the structure of forest bird communities in contrasting montane habitats. Condor 85:121-138

84-39. Robinson, S. K. and R. T. Holmes. 1984. Effects of plant species and foliage structure on the foraging behavior of forest birds. The Auk 101:672-684

85-64. Sherry, T. W. and R.T. Holmes. 1985. Dispersion patterns and habitat responses of birds in northern hardwood forests. pp. 283-309. In: M. Cody (ed.). Habitat Selection of Birds. Academic Press, Inc

86-12. Holmes, R. T. 1986. Foraging patterns of forest birds: male-female differences. Wilson Bull. 98(2):196-213

86-13. Holmes, R. T. and H. F. Recher. 1986. Determinants of guild structure in forest bird communities: an intercontinental comparison. Condor 88:427-439

86-14. Holmes, R. T., T. W. Sherry and F. W. Sturges. 1986. Bird community dynamics in a temperate deciduous forest: long-term trends at Hubbard Brook. Ecol. Monogr. 56(3): 201-220

86-57. Holmes, R. T. 1986. Community structure, resource dynamics and bird populations in temperate deciduous forests. Abstract for XIX Internat. Ornith. Congr. Ottawa

86-68. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1986. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in a temperate forest bird community. Abstract for Cooper Ornith. Soc., Univ. of California, Davis

87-60. Rodenhouse, N. L. and R. T. Holmes. 1987. Relative effect of food limitation and nest predation in the breeding productivity of temperate forest songbirds. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 68(3):400

87-62. Smith, K. G., R.T. Holmes and K. S. Williams. 1987. Food limitation in temperate terrestrial bird communities during the breeding season. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 68(3):418

87-70. Whelan, C. J. 1987. Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds. Ph.D. Thesis, Dartmouth College

88-13. Holmes, R. T. 1988. Community structure, population fluctuations, and resource dynamics of birds in temperate deciduous forests . Proc. XIX Internat. Ornith. Congr. (Ottawa) 19:1318-1327

88-14. Holmes, R. T. and S. K. Robinson. 1988. Spatial patterns, foraging tactics, and diets of ground foraging birds in a northern hardwoods forest. Wilson Bull. 100(3):377-394

88-15. Holmes, R. T. and J. C. Schultz. 1988. Food availability for forest birds: effects of prey distribution and abundance on bird foraging . Can. J. Zool. 66:720-728

88-16. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 1988. Assessing population trends of New Hampshire forest birds: Local versus regional patterns . The Auk 105:756-768

88-54. Holmes, R. T. 1988. Ecological and evolutionary impact of bird predation on forest insects: an overview . Abstract for Cooper Ornithological Society, Annual Meeting

89-15. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 1989. Ecological studies of migrant warblers in Jamaica-a progress report. Gosse Bird Club (Jamaica, West Indies) Broadsheet No. 53, pp. 7-10

89-49. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 1989. Site fidelity and site attachment of migrant warblers in summer and winter: implications for population dynamics, habitat selection, and conservation. Abstract, Symposium on the Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Woods Hole, MA. p. 16

89-63. Rodenhouse, N. L. 1989. Potential effects of climatic change on neotropical migrant landbirds. Abstract, Symposium on the Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Woods Hole, MA. p. 16

89-66. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1989. Importance of yearling recruitment to population dynamics and regulation of long-distance migrant passerines: the case of the American redstart. Abstract, Symposium on the Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Woods Hole, MA. p.16

90-25. Holmes, R. T. 1990. Ecological and evolutionary impact of bird predation on forest insects: an overview. In: M. L. Morrison, C. J. Ralph, J. Verner and J. R. Jehl, Jr. (eds.). Avian Foraging: Theory, Methodology and Applications. Studies in Avian Biology 13:6-13

90-26. Holmes, R. T. 1990. Food resource availability and use in forest bird communities: A comparative view and critique. A. Keast (ed.). Biogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird Communities. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague

90-28. Holmes, R. T. 1990. The structure of a temperate deciduous forest bird community: variability in time and space. A. Keast (ed.). Biogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird Communities. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague

90-46. Sherry, T. W. 1990. Review of ‘Where Have All the Birds Gone?’ by John Terborgh. Princeton University Press. Ecology 71:1224-1225

90-47. Sherry, T. W. 1990. When are birds dietarily specialized? Distinguishing ecological from evolutionary approaches. M. L. Morrison, C. J. Ralph, J. Verner and J. R. Jehl (eds.). Avian Foraging: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Studies in Avian Biology 13:337-352

90-59. Holmes, R. T., T. W. Sherry and F. W. Sturges. 1990. Numerical and demographic responses of temperate forest birds to annual fluctuations in their food resources. Abstract XX Internat. Ornithol. Congr., p. 296

90-67. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1990. Population dynamics of a long-distance migrant songbird: variability in time and space. Abstract for XX Internat. Ornithol. Congr., p. 295

91-13. Holmes, R. T., T. W. Sherry and F. W. Sturges. 1991. Numerical and demographic responses of temperate forest birds to annual fluctuations in their food resources. Proc. XX Internat. Ornithol. Congr., pp. 1559-1567

91-32. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1991. Population age structure of long-distance migratory passerine birds: variation in time and space. Proc. XX Internat. Ornithol. Congr. 1542-1556

92-9. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 1992. Site fidelity of migratory warblers in temperate breeding and Neotropical wintering areas: Implications for population dynamics, habitat selection, and conservation. pp. 563-575. In: J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnston (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press

92-26. Rodenhouse, N. L. 1992. Potential effects of climatic change on a Neotropical migrant landbird. Conservation Biology 6:263-272

92-31. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1992. Population fluctuations in a long-distance Neotropical migrant: Demographic evidence for the importance of breeding season events in the American Redstart. J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnston (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press

92-56. Lovette, I. 1992. Foraging rates and time budgets of a neotropical migrant bird (Setophaga ruticilla) in summer and winter. Senior Honors Thesis, Dartmouth College. 22 pp

93-32. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1993. Are populations of Neotropical migrant birds limited in summer or winter? Implications for management. D. M. Finch and P. W. Stangel (eds.). Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, CO. General Tech. Report RM-229

93-51. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1993. Winter habitat limitation for Neotropical-Nearctic migrant songbirds: distributional, demographic and experimental evidence. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 74(2):435

94-11. Holmes, R. T. 1994. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). A. Poole and F. Gill (eds.). The Birds of North America. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists?Union

94-28. Chamberlain, C. P., J. D. Blum, R. T. Holmes, S. Poulson, P. P. Marra, G. R. Graves and T. W. Sherry. 1994. Linking the breeding and wintering grounds of long-distance migrant bird populations: the use of stable and radiogenic isotope ratios. Abstract for 112th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists?Union, Univ. Montana, Missoula

95-26. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1995. Summer versus winter limitation of populations: conceptual issues and evidence. T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch (eds.). Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of C-ritical Issues. Oxford University Press, New York

96-41. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1996. Winter habitat limitation in Neotropical-Nearctic migrant birds: implications for population dynamics and conservation. Ecology 77:36-48

96-53. Johnson, M. D. 1996. Effects of share-tree species and crop structure on the bird and arthropod communities in a Jamaican coffee plantation. Suppl. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 77(3):220

96-60. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 1996. Density dependence versus site dependence in the regulation of a migratory songbird population. Suppl. Bull. Ecol Soc. Amer. 77(3):408

96-63. Arp, J. T. 1996. Ecological factors influencing habitat selection by foliage-gleaning birds along a vegetation gradient in a northern hardwoods forest ecosystem. M.S. Thesis Tulane University. 94 pp

97-6. Chamberlain, C. P., J. D. Blum, R. T. Holmes, X. Feng, T. W. Sherry and G. R. Graves. 1997. The use of isotope tracers for identifying populations of migratory birds. Oecologia 109:132-141

97-10. Holmes, R.T., and T.W. Sherry. 1997. Ecological factors influencing biodiversity in a northern hardwoods ecosystem: Contributions of long-term studies of bird populations at Hubbard Brook. Long-term Ecological Research Biodiversity. http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/LTER_biod/

97-17. Marra, P.P. 1997. Consequences of sexual habitat segregation in a Neotropical migrant bird. The Broadsheet (Gosse Bird Club, Jamaica) 68:11-12

97-26. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1997. American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). A. Poole and F. Gill (eds.). The Birds of North America, No. 277 . The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; The Ornithologists?Union, Washington, D.C

97-39. Marra, P. P. and R. L. Holberton. 1997. Adrenocortical responses in a migratory bird exhibiting sexual habitat segregation during the nonbreeding season. Abstracts 115th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists?Union, Minneapolis, MN. p. 58

97-43. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 1997. Long-term population trends and potential regulation for a Nearctic-Neotropical migrant songbird, the black-throated blue warbler. Abstracts 115th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists Union, Minneapolis, MN. p. 14

98-22. Marra, P. P., and R. L. Holberton. 1998. Corticosterone levels as indicators of habitat quality: effects of habitat segregation in a migratory bird during the non-breeding period. Oecologia 116:284-292

98-23. Marra, P. P., K. A. Hobson and R. T. Holmes. 1998. Linking winter and summer events in a migratory bird by using stable-carbon isotopes. Science 282:1884-1886

98-27. Sloan, S. S., R. T. Holmes and T. W. Sherry. 1998. Depredation rates and predators at artificial bird nests in an unfragmented northern hardwoods forest. J. Wildlife Manage. 62(2):529-539

98-30. Wuethrich, B. 1998. Songbirds stressed in winter grounds. Science 282:1791-1794

98-58. Sillett, T. S. 1998. Can intraspecific agonism regulate population size of a territorial bird during the breeding season? Abstracts, 7th International Behavioral Ecology Meeting, Asilomar, CA

98-59. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 1998. A population simulation model for a migrant songbird, the Black-throated Blue Warbler. Abstracts, North American Ornithological Conference, St. Louis, MO

98-72. Marra, P. P. 1998. Causes and consequences of sexual habitat segregation in a migrant songbird during the non-breeding season. Ph.D. Dissertation Dartmouth College

99-20. Holberton, R. L., P. P. Marra and F. R. Moore. 1999. Endocine aspects of physiological condition and habitat quality in migrant birds during the non-breeding period. In: N. Adams and R. Slotow (eds.). Proc. 22nd Int. Ornithol. Congr., University of Natal, Durban, South Africa

99-48. Doran, P. 1999. Density dependence in bird populations in a temperate deciduous forest. Abstracts for 117th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Ithaca, NY

99-58. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 1999. 30-year population trends of Nearctic-Neotropical migrant birds breeding in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: The importance of habitat change. Abstracts for 117th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Ithaca, NY

99-67. Sillett, T. S. 1999. Does El Nino influence survivorship of Nearctic-Neotropical Migrant birds wintering in the Caribbean. Abstracts for 117th Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Ithaca, NY

99-68. Sillett, T. S., S. A. Morrison, K. L. Cottingham and R. T. Holmes. 1999. Estimating the magnitude of environmental and demographic stochasticity in survivorship data for a Nearctic-Neotropical migrant songbird. Abstracts, Population Viability Analysis Conference, San Diego, CA

99-70. Strong, A. M., T. W. Sherry and R. T. Holmes. 1999. An experimental study of the indirect enhancement of sugar maple growth via bird predation on herbivorous insects. Abstracts for 117th stated meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

00-15. Johnson, M. D. 2000. Effects of shade-tree species and crop structure on the winter arthropod and bird communities in a Jamaican shade coffee plantation. Biotropica 32:133-145

00-19. Marra, P. P. 2000. The role of behavioral dominance in structuring habitat occupancy of a migrant bird during the non-breeding season. Behavioral Ecology 11:299-308

00-26. Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Demographic modeling of migratory bird populations: The importance of parameter estimation using marked individuals. USDA Forest Service Proc. RMRS-P-16:211-219; and In R. Bonney, D. N. Pashley, R. J. Cooper and L. Niles (eds.). Strategies for bird conservation: the Partners in Flight Planning Process; proceedings of the 3rd Partners in Flight Workshop; 1995 October 1-5; Cape May, NJ. Proceedings RMRS-P-16. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 281 pp

00-27. Sillett, T. S., R. T. Holmes and T. W. Sherry. 2000. Impacts of a global climate cycle on population dynamics of a migratory songbird. Science 288:2040-2042

00-30. Strong, A. M. and T. W. Sherry. 2000. Habitat-specific effects of food abundance on the condition of Ovenbirds wintering in Jamaica. J. Animal Ecology 69:883-895

00-31. Strong, A. M., T. W. Sherry and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Bird predation on herbivorous insects: indirect effects on sugar maple saplings. Oecologia 125:370-379

00-37. Bernhardt, E. S. and G. E. Likens. 2000. Effects of a two-month addition on stream nitrogen dynamics at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF). Abstract for Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah. August 2000

00-39. Bernhardt, E. S., R. O. Hall, Jr. and G. E. Likens. 2000. Instream nitrification: Can it explain (NO3) in stream of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest? Abstract for Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah. August 2000

00-42. Doran, P. D. and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Spatial distribution of breeding birds in an undisturbed northern hardwoods forest. Poster presented at joint meeting of Ecological Society of America and British Ecological Society, Orlando, FL

00-45. Holmes, R. T. and T. S. Sillett. 2000. Effects of a global climate cycle on the survival and fecundity of a Neotropical Migrant songbird. Abstract for 70th Annual Meeting, Cooper Ornithological Society, University of California, Riverside

00-50. Likens, G. E., E. Bernhardt, D. Buso, B. Dresser, R. O. Hall, Jr. and K. Macneale. 2000. Experimental alkalinization of a stream ecosystem at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF). Abstract for LTER All Scientists Meeting, Snowbird, Utah. August 2000

00-51. Macneale, K. H., B. L. Peckarsky and G. E. Likens. 2000. Evidence of dispersal in an acid-tolerant stonefly (Plecoptera) using stable isotopes. Abstract for Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah. August 2000

00-53. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Long-term demographic trends, population limitation, and the regulation of abundance in a migratory songbird. Abstract for 118th stated annual meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John, Newfoundland, Canada

00-54. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Partitioning variance in survivorship among different phases of the annual cycle of a Neotropical migrant songbird. Abstract for 70th Annual Meeting, Cooper Ornithological Society, University of California Riverside

00-58. Douglas, L. 2000. Effects of human habitat disturbance on resident and migrant bird communities, Caribbean tropical dry forest, Jamaica. Master’s Thesis, University of the West Indies

00-65. Sillett, T. S. 2000. Long-term demographic trends, population limitation, and the regulation of abundance in a migratory songbird. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dartmouth College

01-03. Blum, J. D., E. H. Taliaferro and R. T. Holmes. 2001. Determining the sources of calcium for migratory songbirds using stable strontium isotopes. Oecologia 126:569-574

01-21. Holmes, R. T. and T. W. Sherry. 2001. Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: importance of habitat change. The Auk 118(3):589-609

01-27. Joyce, E. M., T. S. Sillett and R. T. Holmes. 2001. An inexpensive method for quantifying incubation patterns of open-cup nesting birds, with data for Black-throated Blue Warblers. J. Field Ornithol. 72(3):369-379

01-33. Marra, P. P. and R. T. Holmes. 2001. Consequences of dominance-mediated habitat segregation in a migrant passerine bird during the non-breeding season. The Auk 118(1):94-106

01-46. Taliaferro, E. H., R. T. Holmes and J. D. Blum. 2001. Eggshell characteristics and calcium demands of a migratory songbird breeding in two New England forests. Wilson Bull. 113(1):94-100

01-53. Whelan, C. J. 2001. Foliage structure influences foraging of insectivorous forest birds: an experimental study. Ecology 82:219-231

01-77. Erickson, B. 2001. Effects of food supplementation on nestling feeding rate and parental time budgeting in a Neotropical migrant bird. Senior Honors Thesis, Dartmouth College

02-14. Johnson, M. D., D. R. Ruthrauff, J. G. Jones, J. R. Tietz and J. K. Robinson. 2002. Short-term effects of tartar emetic on re-sighting rates of migratory songbirds in the non-breeding season. J. Field Ornithology 73:191-196

02-26. Rubenstein, D. R., C. P. Chamberlain, R. T. Holmes, M. P. Ayres, J. R. Waldbauer, G. R. Graves and N. C. Tuross. 2002. Linking breeding and wintering ranges of a migratory songbird using stable isotopes. Science 295:1062-1065

02-27. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 2002. Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:296-308

02-41. Douglas, L. 2002. Impact of human habitat degradation on resident and Neotroopical migratory birds occupying the Tropical Dry Forest Life zone of southern Jamaica. M.S. Thesis, University of the West Indies, Jamaica

02-43. Gulezian, P. 2002. Reproductive success in forest birds: A test of the mobbing playback method. Senior Honors Thesis, Dartmouth College. 29 pp

02-44. Nagy, L. R. 2002. Causes and consequences of individual variation in reproductive output in a forest-dwelling Neotropical migrant songbird. Ph.D. Thesis, Dartmouth College. 119 pp

03-08. Currie, W. S., R. D. Yanai, K. B. Piatek, C. E. Prescott and C. L. Goodale. 2003. Processes affecting carbon storage in the forest floor and in downed woody debris. Chapter 9, pp. 135-157. In: J. M. Kimble, L.S. Heath, R. A. Birdsey and R. Lal (eds.). The Potential of U.S. Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

03-25. Jones, J., P. J. Doran and R. T. Holmes. 2003. Climate and food synchronize regional forest bird abundances. Ecology 84:3024-3032

03-32. Rodenhouse, N. L., T. S. Sillett, P. J. Doran and R. T. Holmes. 2003. Multiple density-dependence mechanisms regulate a migratory bird population during the breeding season. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270(1529):2105-2110

03-53. Doran, P. J. 2003. Intraspecific spatial variation in bird abundance: patterns and processes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dartmouth College

03-56. Risk, B. B. 2003. The effect of male age on habitat-specific demography in a migratory songbird. Senior Honors Thesis, Dartmouth College

04-18. Nagy, L. R. and R. T. Holmes. 2004. Factors influencing fecundity in migratory songbirds: is nest predation the most important? Journal of Avian Biology 35:487-491

04-29. Royle, J. A., and D. R. Rubenstein. 2004. The role of species abundance in determining breeding origins of migratory birds with stable isotopes. Ecological Applications 14: 1780-1788

04-30. Sillett, T. S., N. L. Rodenhouse and R. T. Holmes. 2004. Experimentally reducing neighbor density affects reproduction and behavior of a migratory songbird. Ecology 85(9):2467-2477

05-01. Bartos Smith, S., M. S. Webster and R. T. Holmes. 2005. The heterozygosity theory of extra-pair mate choice in birds: a test and a cautionary note. J. Avian Biology 36:146-154

05-09. Doran, P. J. and R. T. Holmes. 2005. Habitat occupancy patterns of a forest dwelling songbird: causes and consequences. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1297-1305

05-10. Doran, P. J., P. Z. Gulezian and M. G. Betts. 2005. A test of the mobbing playback method as a means to estimate bird reproductive success. Journal of Field Ornithology 76:227-234

05-13. Holmes, R. T. 2005. Overview û Population Ecology. pp. 373-374. In: R. Greenberg and P. P. Marra (eds.). Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD and London

05-14. Holmes, R. T. 2005. What causes changes in bird abundance? Lessons learned at Hubbard Brook. New Hampshire Audubon, Fall 2005, pp. 10-15

05-15. Holmes, R. T., N. L. Rodenhouse and T. S. Sillett. 2005. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). A. Pool (ed.). The Birds of North America Online. Thaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online database: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/account/Black-throated_Blue_Warbler/

05-18. Johnson, M. D., A. M. Strong and T. W. Sherry. 2005. Migrants in tropical bird communities: An assessment of the breeding currency hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 74: 333-341

05-29. Nagy, L. R. and R. T. Holmes. 2005. Food limits annual fecundity of a migratory songbird: an experimental study. Ecology 86(3):675-681

05-35. Sherry, T. W., M. D. Johnson and A. M. Strong. 2005. Does winter food limit populations of migratory birds? pp. 414-425. In: R. Greenberg and P. P. Marra (eds.). Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD and London

05-36. Sillett, T. S. and R. T. Holmes. 2005. Long-term demographic trends, limiting factors, and the strength of density dependence in a breeding population of a migratory songbird. pp. 426-436. In: R. Greenberg and P. P. Marra (eds.). Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD and London

05-38. Smith, S. B., M. S. Webster and R. T. Holmes. 2005. The heterozygosity theory of extra-pair mate choice in birds: a test and a cautionary note. Journal of Avian Biology 36:146-154

05-48. Roberts, P. 2005. Determinants of reproductive success in a Neotropical migratory songbird: timing, site selection, and mating strategies. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dartmouth College

06-02. Davis, L. A., E. H. Roalson, K. L. Cornell, K. D. McClanahan and M. S. Webster. 2006. Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation. Molecular Ecology 15:2141-2152

06-03. DeSante, D. F., T. S. Sillett, R. B. Siegel, J. F. Saracco, C. A. Romo de Vivar Alverez, S. Morales, A. Cerezo, D. R. Kaschube, and B. Mila. 2006. (Monitoreo de Sobrevivencia Inverenal): Assessing habitat-specific overwintering survival of Neotropical migratory landbirds. pp. 926-936. In: Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report

06-12. Johnson, M. D., T. W. Sherry, R. T. Holmes and P. P. Marra. 2006. Assessing habitat quality for a migratory songbird wintering in natural and agricultural habitats. Conservation Biology 20:1433-1444

06-13. Johnson, M .D., A. M. Strong and T. W. Sherry. 2006. Migrants in tropical bird communities: the balanced breeding limitation hypothesis. Journal of Avian Biology 37:229-237

06-21. Nichols, J. D., T. S. Sillett, J. E. Hines and R. T. Holmes. 2006. Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda using capture-recapture data. pp. 805-809. In: Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report

06-34. Rodenhouse, N. L., T. S. Sillett and R. T. Holmes. 2006. Effects of weather on a nearctic-neotropical migrant songbird: Implications for climate change. J. Ornithology 147 (5): 238 Suppl. 1

07-11. Holmes, R. T. 2007. Understanding population change in migratory songbirds: long-term and experimental studies of Neotropical migrants in breeding and wintering areas. Ibis (Suppl.2) 149:2-13

05-35. Sherry, T. W., M. D. Johnson and A. M. Strong. 2005. Does winter food limit populations of migratory birds? pp. 414-425. In: R. Greenberg and P. P. Marra (eds.). Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD and London

05-14. Holmes, R. T. 2005. What causes changes in bird abundance? Lessons learned at Hubbard Brook. New Hampshire Audubon, Fall 2005, pp. 10-15

03-25. Jones, J., P. J. Doran and R. T. Holmes. 2003. Climate and food synchronize regional forest bird abundances. Ecology 84:3024-3032

00-27. Sillett, T. S., R. T. Holmes and T. W. Sherry. 2000. Impacts of a global climate cycle on population dynamics of a migratory songbird. Science 288:2040-2042

98-23. Marra, P. P., K. A. Hobson and R. T. Holmes. 1998. Linking winter and summer events in
71-18. Sturges, F. W., R. T. Holmes and G. E. Likens. 1971. The role of birds in mineral cycling in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystems. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 52(4):34

72-9. Holmes, R. T. and F. W. Sturges. 1972. Ecological studies of birds at Hubbard Brook. New Hampshire Audubon Quarterly 25(3):89-92 a migratory bird by using stable-carbon isotopes. Science 282:1884-1886
07-35. Christenson, L. M. 2007. The biogeochemistry of moose and soil freezing: Multiple interactions influence on nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest. Ph.D. Dissertation, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. 152 pp

75-2. Burton, T. M. and G. E. Likens. 1975. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 56(5):1068-1080

About Hubbard Brook:

White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire
The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest was established in 1955 as a major center for hydrologic research in New England. Located in the White Mountain National Forest in central New Hampshire, the 3,138-ha bowlshaped Hubbard Brook Valley has hilly terrain, ranging in elevation from 222 to 1,015 m. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study was established by a cooperative agreement in 1963. In 1988 the Hubbard Brook was designated as a Long-Term Ecological Research site by the National Science Foundation.

Climate
Annual precipitation at Hubbard Brook averages about 1,400 mm, with one-third to one-quarter as snow. The month of January averages about -9 °C and the average July temperature is 18 °C. The average number of days without killing frost is 145. The estimated annual evapotranspiration is about 500 mm.

Soils
Soils at the Hubbard Brook are predominantly welldrained Spodosols (Typic Haplorthods) derived from glacial till, with sandy loam textures. They are acidic (pH about 4.5 or less) and relatively infertile (base saturation of mineral soil ~ 10 percent). Soil depths, including unweathered till, average about 2.0 m surface to bedrock, though this is highly variable. Depth to the C horizon averages about 0.6 m. At various places, the C horizon exists as an impermeable pan.

Vegetation
The present second-growth forest is even-aged and composed of about 80 to 90 percent northern hardwoods and 10 to 20 percent spruce-fir.

Research, Past and Present
At Hubbard Brook, the following topics are being studied:
• The role of calcium supply in regulating the structure and function of base-poor forest and aquatic ecosystems
• Animal populations and communities
• Colder soils in a warmer world: a snow manipulation in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem
• Stream ecosystems
• A spatial model of soil parent material
• Modeling effects of acid deposition, forest disturbance, and soil chemistry on forest production and streamwater quality
• Remote sensing for measurement of canopy nitrogen and calcium content, and estimation of forest production and stream chemistry
• Landscape-scale controls on N retention and N gas fluxes in the Hubbard Brook Valley
• Nutrient uptake at the ecosystem scale
• Carbon and calcium controls on microbial biomass and invertebrate grazers
• Comparison of δ 15N and nitrification potential across a nitrate-loss gradient
• Response of northern hardwood forests to nutrient perturbation
• Edaphic controls on the structure and function of the northern hardwood forest
• Vegetation dynamics and primary productivity

Major Research Accomplishments and Effects on Management
At Hubbard Brook, the following subjects have been researched:
• Small watershed technique for studying biogeochemistry
• Factors regulating nutrient flux and cycling in northern hardwood forests
• First documentation of acid rain in North America
• Effects of forest harvesting disturbance on water quality and quantity
• Long-term effects of acid rain on soil nutrient pools and streamwater chemistry
• Relationship of interior forest bird populations and communities to forest structure and development
• Development and application of ecosystem process models: 1) hydrological, 2) forest growth and development, and 3) soil nutrient processes

Collaborators
At Hubbard Brook, collaborators include scientists from other Forest Service research units, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Brown University, Dartsmouth College, Syracuse University, Cornell University, University of Michigan, Yale University, Appalachian State University, State University of New York-Environmental Science and Forestry, USDI Geological Survey, Wellesley College, University of New Hampshire, and Smithsonian Institution.

Research Opportunities
The Hubbard Brook staff welcomes new studies and collaboration on existing ones. There is a need for expanded cooperative research in the fields of soil physics and forest hydrology.

Facilities
The Robert S. Pierce Ecosystem Laboratory located at Hubbard Brook provides 835 m2 of space, including six offices, four laboratories, a conference room, six dormitory rooms, and a kitchen, baths, and showers. There is also a sample archive building and maintenance, storage, garage, and shop facilities.

Lat. 43°56′ N, long. 71°45′ W

Contact Information

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
USDA Forest Service
Northern Research Station
271 Mast Road
Durham, NH 03824

Tel: (603) 868-7636

Related Publications

Bailey, Amey Schenck; Hornbeck, James W.; Campbell, John L.; Eagar, Christopher. 2003. Hydrometeorological database for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 1955-2000

Buso, Donald C.; Likens, Gene E.; Eaton, John S. 2000. Chemistry of precipitation, streamwater, and lakewater from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: a record of sampling protocols and analytical procedures

Holmes, Richard T.; Likens, Gene E. 1999. Organisms of the Hubbard Brook Valley, New Hampshire

Summary information presented here was originally published in:

Adams, Mary Beth; Loughry, Linda; Plaugher, Linda, comps. 2004. Experimental Forests and Ranges of the USDA Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-321. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 178 p.